Correspondence of scientific degrees in Russia, USA and European countries
From ISTP SB RAS
| Russia | Western equivalents | Comments
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| C. Sc. (Candidate of Science) | Ph.D. | The “candidate of science” degree is roughly equivalent to US Ph.D. degree, although it requires longer research efforts, more publications, wider exposure, and larger peer pool to pass.
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| D. Sc. (Doctor of Science) | Habilitation | In the former Soviet Union and the various post-Soviet states, the status of Doctor of Science is a post-doctoral degree and has no equivalent in US academic system. It is roughly equivalent to Habilitation in Germany, France, Austria, and some other European countries.
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| Academician | Fellow of the Royal Society | The British honour Fellow of the Royal Society can be considered as roughly equivalent.
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| Corr. Member (Corresponding member) | Corresponding Member | A lower-rank title (as compared with Academician). Corresponding Members of Russian Academy of Sciences are elected based upon scientific contributions and must be citizens of the Russian Federation.
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| Foreign Member | Foreign Member | Foreign Members are eminent scientists of other countries who obtained the recognition of the world scientific community.
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